{"id":968,"date":"2012-11-12T22:05:16","date_gmt":"2012-11-12T20:05:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/?p=968"},"modified":"2012-11-23T04:22:16","modified_gmt":"2012-11-23T02:22:16","slug":"nanay-dili-uzerine-notlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/?p=968","title":{"rendered":"Nanay D\u0130l\u0130 \u00dczer\u0130ne Notlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

– Duygu \u00d6zge DEM\u0130R –<\/p>\n

NOTES ON NANAI AND THE NANAIS<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nanai language belongs to the southeastern or lower Amur subgroup of the southern Tungus language group. Nanai, also known as “Gold”, is the language of a minority population living in Russia and China. While most of the Nanais reside in lower areas of the Amur River inside the Kabarovsk province of Russia, the rest live in areas between the Sungaris and Ussuri Rivers located in the Heilunzjian district of China. In this study, I will provide information on the Manchu-Tungus language Nanai whose speakers decrease constantly and their language as well as culture are at the risk of getting extinct.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f: Man\u00e7u-Tunguz Dilleri <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm T\u00fcrkolo\u011fun var oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kuramsal Altay dilleri ailesi \u2018T\u00fcrk dilleri\u2019, \u2018Mo\u011fol dilleri\u2019, \u2018Tunguz dilleri\u2019 veya \u2018Man\u00e7u-Tunguz dilleri\u2019 olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ana koldan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Japonca ve Korece ile son zamanlarda \u2018ke\u015ffedilen\u2019 Kitaycan\u0131n Altay dillerine d\u00e2hil edilip edilmemesi de tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir konudur.<\/p>\n

\u2018Altay dilleri ailesi\u2019nin konu\u015fur say\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk ve Mo\u011fol dillerinin ard\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00f6nemli \u00fcyesi Man\u00e7u-Tunguz dilleridir. Man\u00e7u-Tunguz dilleri farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde yakla\u015f\u0131k 70,000 ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r.[1]<\/a> Man\u00e7u-Tunguz dillerinin konu\u015furlar\u0131, Do\u011fu Sibirya, Man\u00e7urya\u2019n\u0131n kuzey b\u00f6lgeleri, Kuzey \u00c7in, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan (Sincan) ve Mo\u011folistan olmak \u00fczere 5 milyon km2<\/sup>\u2019den daha geni\u015f bir alana da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Man\u00e7u-Tunguzca konu\u015furlar\u0131n\u0131n tit\u00fcler, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devleti yoktur. Bu dilleri konu\u015fanlar\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131 Rus ve \u00c7in siyasal egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Man\u00e7u-Tunguz dilleri, bask\u0131n diller Rus\u00e7a ve \u00c7ince kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda say\u0131sal, siyasal ve toplumsal bak\u0131mdan \u00e7ekinik \u2018aile\u2019dir. Man\u00e7u-Tunguz dillerinin Rus\u00e7a ve \u00c7ince ile rekabet imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle demografik olarak zay\u0131f de\u011fi\u015fkeler dil yitimi tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Hale\u2019in ifade etti\u011fi ve Man\u00e7u-Tunguz dilleri i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu \u00fczere, dil yitimi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde etnik dil konu\u015furlar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 \u015feklindedir (1992).<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn gen\u00e7 ku\u015faklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukla birinci dil olarak Rus\u00e7a ve \u00c7ince konu\u015fmalar\u0131 sebebiyle Man\u00e7u-Tunguz konu\u015furlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Man\u00e7ucan\u0131n yok olmak \u00fczere oldu\u011fu, Rusya\u2019daki Tunguz toplulu\u011funun ise sadece % 37\u2019sinin; \u00c7in\u2019deki Tunguz toplulu\u011funun da ancak % 22\u2019sinin kendi dillerini konu\u015fabildi\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bu bak\u0131mdan Man\u00e7u-Tunguzcan\u0131n alt gruplar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da tam olarak s\u00f6yleyebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bug\u00fcn, Man\u00e7u-Tunguzca; G\u00fcney Tunguz<\/em> ve Kuzey Tunguz<\/em> olmak \u00fczere iki alt gruptan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Tunguz grubu:<\/em> (G\u00fcneydo\u011fu<\/em> veya A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Amur alt grubu<\/em> (Nanayca veya Goldice, Orok\u00e7a, Ul\u00e7aca, Oro\u00e7\u00e7a ve Udegece veya Udiherece); G\u00fcneybat\u0131<\/em> veya Man\u00e7u alt grubu <\/em>[Cur\u00e7ence (yok olmu\u015f), Man\u00e7uca, Sibece]\n

Kuzey Tunguz grubu:<\/em> (Evenkice veya as\u0131l Tunguzca, Evence veya Lamut\u00e7a, Negidalca ve Solonca)<\/p>\n

Nanayca <\/strong><\/p>\n

2010 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada ele alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Tunguz dillerinden Nanaylar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca % 33\u2019\u00fc ana dillerini konu\u015fabilmektedir. Nanayca konu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 ifade edenlerin asl\u0131nda kendi dillerindeki yeterlilikleri konusunda elimizde yeterli bilgi ve veri yoktur (Rachewiltz ve Rybatzki 2010: 256).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019da ve \u00c7in\u2019de ya\u015fayan az\u0131nl\u0131k bir grubun dili olan Nanayca, yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi G\u00fcney Tunguz grubunun G\u00fcneydo\u011fu veya A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Amur alt grubuna d\u00e2hildir. Eskiden Goldice<\/em> olarak bilinen Nanayca; Ul\u00e7aca<\/em> ve Orok\u00e7a <\/em>ile yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir. Nanaylar \u00c7in literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde Hezhen<\/em>, Rus literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde ise Nanay <\/em>\u015feklinde adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r, yani, \u00c7in\u2019deki Hezhen<\/em> toplulu\u011fu ve Rusya\u2019daki Nanai<\/em> toplulu\u011fu ayn\u0131 etnik gruba mensuptur. Hezhen<\/em>ler iki gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r, birinci grup kendilerini Nanio<\/em>, ikinci grup ise Nanay <\/em>\u015feklinde adland\u0131r\u0131r. Nanay <\/em>veya Nanio<\/em> adland\u0131rmas\u0131nda na<\/em> \u201ctoprak\/yerli (\u0130ng. land\/native)\u201d anlam\u0131nda, nio<\/em> ve nay<\/em> ise \u201cinsan\/halk (\u0130ng. native people)\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Nanio <\/em>halk\u0131 di\u011fer etnik gruplar taraf\u0131ndan Kilen<\/em> ve Nanai halk\u0131<\/em> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r (Zhang 1996: 11-12).<\/p>\n

Nanay dili konu\u015furlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar h\u00e2linde birbirlerinden izole bir \u015fekilde ve bazen y\u00fczlerce kilometre uzakta ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131ndan, Nanay dili pek \u00e7ok alt de\u011fi\u015fkeden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bilim insanlar\u0131 Nanaycay\u0131 on alt de\u011fi\u015fkeden olu\u015fan ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fkeye ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (Pi\u0142sudski 2011: 22-23):<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131 Amur de\u011fi\u015fkesi:<\/em> \u00c7in\u2019de ya\u015fayan ve Hezhenler taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulan Sungari ve Sa\u011f K\u0131y\u0131 Amur alt de\u011fi\u015fkeleri, Pozharsky il\u00e7esinde Bikin River veya Ussuri alt de\u011fi\u015fkesi, Kabarovsk eyaletinde Kur-Urmi (Kili) alt de\u011fi\u015fkesi.<\/p>\n

Orta Amur de\u011fi\u015fkesi:<\/em> Standart Nanay dili olarak tan\u0131mlanan Naikhin, Dzhuen ve Saka\u00e7i-Alyan alt de\u011fi\u015fkeleri.<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Amur de\u011fi\u015fkesi:<\/em> Kabarovsk eyaletinin baz\u0131 il\u00e7elerinde konu\u015fulan Bolon, Ekon ve Gorin alt de\u011fi\u015fkeleri.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafya ve N\u00fcfus<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Nanaylar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Rusya Federasyonu\u2019nun Kabarovsk eyaletinde Amur Nehri\u2019nin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde, geri kalan\u0131 ise \u00c7in\u2019in Heilunzjian eyaletinde Sungaris ve Ussuri nehirleri aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

2010 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re Rusya\u2019daki Nanaylar\u0131n n\u00fcfusu 17,491; 2004 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00c7in\u2019deki Nanaylar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 4,640\u2019t\u0131r.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

1931\u2019de Latin alfabesi Nanaycaya uyarlanm\u0131\u015f, ancak bu dil k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, 1933\u2019te Kiril alfabesi ile yaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019de ya\u015fayan ve Hezhen<\/em> ad\u0131 verilen Nanaylar\u0131n ise yaz\u0131 dilleri yoktur, genellikle ortak dil olarak Mandarin \u00c7incesi kullan\u0131rlar ( West 2009: 577).<\/p>\n

Tarihsel Arka Plan<\/strong>[4]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Amur Nehri boyunca da\u011f\u0131lan ve di\u011fer halklardan da izole bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fayan Nanaylar\u0131n tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7te k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve dilsel b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mevcut de\u011fildi, hatta kendilerini tan\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131 ortak adlar\u0131 ve kimlikleri dahi bulunmuyordu. Bu b\u00f6lgedeki Nanaylar k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bak\u0131mdan Man\u00e7ulardan ve \u00c7inlilerden yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde etkilenmi\u015f, Mo\u011follarla da yak\u0131n temas i\u00e7inde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7inli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n iddialar\u0131na g\u00f6re, en eski \u00c7in kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndaki veriler Amur Nehri b\u00f6lgesinin M\u00d6 1-2. biny\u0131ldan 12-13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Man\u00e7ulara ve \u00c7in\u2019e ait oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Rus Kazaklar\u0131 Amur Nehri boylar\u0131nda ilk kez 1640\u2019ta g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7inlilerle yap\u0131lan 1689 Nerchinsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra, Ruslar Amur b\u00f6lgesini terk etmi\u015fler ve \u00c7in, Nanaylar\u0131 kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1858\u2019den sonra ise Amur\u2019un sol k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 ve Ussur b\u00f6lgesi Rus b\u00f6lgesi kabul edilmi\u015f ve bu b\u00f6lgelerde Rus s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimi kurulmu\u015ftur. Rus s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimi Nanaylar\u0131 ana yurtlar\u0131ndan, ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 geleneksel bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinden ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelere s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu nedenle, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve avc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayanan geleneksel Nanay ekonomisi 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca basit ticari faaliyetlere dayal\u0131 h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir. Ruslar\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki h\u00e2kimiyeti Nanaylar\u0131n geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyaya da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1917 Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan Nanaylar\u0131n sosyalist \u015fekillenmeleri 1924\u2019te Rusya Federasyonuna ba\u011fl\u0131 \u2018Uzak Do\u011fu Devrimci Komitesi (Rus. Dalrevkom)\u2019 b\u00fcnyesinde bir \u2018Yerli Halklar (Rus. Mestnoye Naseleniye)\u2019 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kurulmas\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sosyalist ideolojinin benimsetilmesi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla milliyetler politikas\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde 1930\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Nanay kimli\u011fi olu\u015fturulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bu giri\u015fim ortak bir Nanay yaz\u0131 dilinin olu\u015fumuyla desteklenmi\u015ftir. Nanayca ana s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve ilk\u00f6\u011fretim 1-2. s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n program\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, Rus\u00e7a \u00f6\u011fretimi ise 3. s\u0131n\u0131flarda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f; ancak, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde okullarda ana dili \u00f6\u011fretimi durdurulmu\u015ftur. Nanay dili \u00f6\u011fretimi ancak 1970\u2019lerin sonunda yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise Nanayca yaln\u0131zca St. Petersburg ve Kabarovsk\u2019da \u2018\u00d6\u011fretmen Yeti\u015ftirme Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde (Rus. Pedagogi\u00e7eskiy Institut)\u201d \u00f6\u011fretilmektedir (Grenoble 2003: 175).<\/p>\n

Tehlike Durumu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nanaylar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki toplumdilbilimsel durumlar\u0131 genel olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde Nanay dili ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yok olma riski ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulundu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Nanaylar, Rus\u00e7a lehine asimetrik bi\u00e7imde iki dillidir. 1959\u2019dan 1979\u2019a kadar Rus\u00e7ay\u0131 ana dili olarak kabul eden Nanaylar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 % 13,3\u2019ten % 43,9\u2019a y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. 1979\u2019da Nanaylar\u0131n % 93,2\u2019si Rus\u00e7ay\u0131 ak\u0131c\u0131 konu\u015fuyor ve bu dili % 43,9 oran\u0131nda ana dili olarak kabul ediyorken sadece % 63\u2019\u00fc Nanaycay\u0131 ak\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde konu\u015fabiliyor ve bunlar\u0131n da yaln\u0131zca % 55,8\u2019i Nanaycay\u0131 ana dili olarak kabul ediyordu. Son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ancak orta ya\u015f ve daha ya\u015fl\u0131 ku\u015faklar\u0131n Nanaycay\u0131 ak\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde konu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Gen\u00e7 ku\u015faklar ise Nanayca konu\u015famamaktad\u0131r.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hezhenler, yani \u00c7in\u2019de ya\u015fayan Nanaylar i\u00e7in de durum farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. 1980\u2019lerin sonunda Hezhen n\u00fcfusunun neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131 (% 51,2) ana dillerini unutmu\u015flard\u0131, do\u011fal olarak ya\u015fl\u0131 ku\u015faklar\u0131n kendi dillerindeki yeterlilikleri y\u00fcksekken gen\u00e7 ku\u015faklar\u0131n yeterlilikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Ya\u015f ve ana dil yeterlili\u011fi ili\u015fkisi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tablo h\u00e2linde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir:[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Ak\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nHi\u00e7<\/td>\nZay\u0131f<\/td>\n\u0130yi<\/td>\nM\u00fckemmel<\/td>\nToplam\/%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ya\u015f<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<15<\/td>\n13<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n13\/10.6%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16-25<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n33\/26.8%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26-35<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n30\/24.4%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36-45<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/td>\n15\/12.2%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45-55<\/td>\n<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n<\/td>\n14\/11.4%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56-65<\/td>\n<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n11\/8.9%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
>66<\/td>\n<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n7\/5.7%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Toplam\/%<\/td>\n63\/51.2%<\/strong><\/td>\n31\/25.2%<\/strong><\/td>\n24\/19.5%<\/strong><\/td>\n5\/4.1%<\/strong><\/td>\n123\/100%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 1. Nanayca Ya\u015f ve Ana Dil Yeterlili\u011fi Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130li\u015fki<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tabloda birinci grup kendi dillerini hi\u00e7 konu\u015famayan veya en fazla birka\u00e7 kelime bilenleri, ikinci grup kendi dillerinde yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7 kelime bilenleri, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc grup kendilerini yeterli bir \u015fekilde ifade edebilenleri ve son grup ise kendi dillerini ak\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde konu\u015fabilenleri g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu veriler de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde Rusya\u2019da Nanay<\/em> ve \u00c7in\u2019de Hezhen<\/em> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Nanaylar\u0131n n\u00fcfusunun her ge\u00e7en y\u0131l azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Nanaycan\u0131n yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu \u2018umutsuz bir \u015fekilde\u2019 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Grenoble, A. Lenore. (2003). Language Policy in Soviet Union<\/em>. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.<\/p>\n

Hale, Ken. (1992). On Endangered Languages and the Safeguarding of Diversity. Language <\/em>68: 1-3.<\/p>\n

NWO Advisory Committee on Endangered Language Research (2010). Endangered Language Research in the Netherlands an Overview and Proposals.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pi\u0142sudski, Bronis\u0142aw. (2011). Trends in Linguistics. Documentation 15-4. The Collected Works of Bronis\u0142aw Pi\u0142sudski. Cilt 4. Materials fort he Study of Tungusic Languages and Folklore <\/em>(Edit\u00f6r: Alfred F. Majewics). Berlin\/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG.<\/p>\n

West, A. Barbara. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania<\/em>. New York.<\/p>\n

Zhang, Hi. (1996). Vowel Systems of the Manchu-Tungus Languages of China<\/em>. Toronto University.<\/p>\n

Zhang Yanchan, Zhang Hi ve Dai Shuyan. (1989). The Hezhen Language<\/em>. Changchun: Jilin University Press.<\/p>\n

\u0130nternet kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.ethnologue.com\/show_language.asp?code=cjs<\/p>\n

(Eri\u015fim Tarihi 27.10.2012).<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.gks.ru\/free_doc\/new_site\/perepis2010\/croc\/Documents\/Vol1\/pub-01-05.pdf<\/p>\n

(Eri\u015fim Tarihi 27.10.2012).<\/p>\n

\n

Turkic Languages<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n