{"id":938,"date":"2012-10-13T21:04:48","date_gmt":"2012-10-13T18:04:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/?p=938"},"modified":"2020-10-04T02:39:26","modified_gmt":"2020-10-03T23:39:26","slug":"yagnobiler-ve-yagnobi-dili","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/?p=938","title":{"rendered":"\u0130pek Yolu\u2019nda Ge\u00e7 Ant\u0130k D\u00f6nem\u0130n T\u00dcccarlar\u0131 So\u011fdlar\u0131n M\u0130ras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Yagnob\u0130ler ve Yagnob\u0130 D\u0130l\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

On the Silk Road<\/strong><\/p>\n

Inheritors of merchant Sogdians of Late Antiquity<\/strong><\/p>\n

YAGHNOBIS AND YAGHNOBI LANGUAGE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eastern Iranian language Yagnobi is regarded as inheritor of Ancient Sogdian Languge. Yaghnobi is spoken by a few thousand people in today\u2019s northwestern Tajikistan in Ayni district. \u00a0There is no mutual intelligibility between Yaghnobi and Tajik Persian<\/p>\n

In this paper I will provide some information about this unique and less spoken, endangered Iranian language for followers of Son Sesler\/ Last Voices.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u049a\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0451 \u0442\u04ef\u0439\u0438 \u042f\u0493\u043d\u043e\u0431 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043c<\/em><\/strong><\/a>[1]<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"So\u011fdlar:<\/strong> Ad\u0131 ilk kez Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ait yaz\u0131tlarda an\u0131lan So\u011fd \u00fclkesinin yerli halk\u0131 So\u011fdlar, Erken ve Ge\u00e7 Antik d\u00f6nemlerde bug\u00fcn Orta Asya olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan co\u011frafyan\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrler aras\u0131 temas ve ticari faaliyetler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli \u0130rani dilli halk\u0131 idi. Ba\u015fkentleri Semerkand civar\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019dan bat\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019e, hatta Hindistan\u2019a de\u011fin \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyada tarih\u00ee \u0130pek Yolu rotas\u0131ndaki neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6nemli ticaret merkezlerinde kolonileri bulunan, sava\u015f yerine ticareti tercih eden So\u011fdlar, bu co\u011frafyalardaki din\u00ee ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginliklerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda, aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda, b\u00f6ylelikle dillerin, dinlerin ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin harmanlanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli roller oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u00c7in ve Orta Asya, Hindistan ve Orta Asya aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimin ba\u015fl\u0131ca akt\u00f6rleri olan So\u011fdlar ayn\u0131 zamanda Zerd\u00fc\u015ftl\u00fck, Budizm, Manihaizm, Nesturi Hristiyanl\u0131k vd. dinlerin samimi misyonerleriydi.<\/a>[2]\n

M\u00d6 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Pers egemenli\u011fine, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in istilas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan s\u0131ras\u0131yla Yunan ve Heftalit, alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ise T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 egemenli\u011fine giren So\u011fd \u00fclkesi, on alt\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi boyunca genellikle siyasi bak\u0131mdan bir b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcce ba\u011fl\u0131 zay\u0131f vassal iktidarlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6neltilmi\u015ftir.<\/a>[3]\n

So\u011fdlar, ana yurtlar\u0131nda sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Arap ordular\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131nlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koyamam\u0131\u015f, Araplar taraf\u0131ndan \u2018Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019 (Nehir \u00f6tesi) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan co\u011frafya ile bu co\u011frafyaya d\u00e2hil Semerkant ve civar\u0131 Araplar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Tacikistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan Pencakent\u2019in son kral\u0131 Deva\u015fti\u00e7\u2019in Mug Da\u011f\u0131\u2019nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle \u0130slam \u00f6ncesinin, Ge\u00e7 Antik D\u00f6nem So\u011fdlar\u0131, b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 somut ve soyut k\u00fclt\u00fcrel malzeme ile misyonlar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. So\u011fdlar, Arap-\u0130slam ordular\u0131n\u0131n fethinden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015f ve on ikinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda di\u011fer \u0130rani halklarla kar\u0131\u015farak ve k\u0131smen T\u00fcrkle\u015ferek tarih sahnesinden b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u00e7ekilmi\u015flerdir. Sakaca, Harezmce gibi tarih\u00ee Do\u011fu \u0130ran dillerinden biri olan So\u011fdca yakla\u015f\u0131k dokuz y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r \u00f6l\u00fc bir dildir.<\/p>\n

\"\"Yagnobiler: <\/strong>Kimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, ad\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 adla an\u0131lan nehirden ve vadiden alan Yagnob halk\u0131n\u0131, tarih\u00ee So\u011fdlar\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131; Yagnobilerin dili Yagnobinin<\/a>[4] de yine tarih\u00ee So\u011fdcan\u0131n modern bir de\u011fi\u015fkesi oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir. Hatta Yagnobi diline \u2018Yeni So\u011fdca\u2019 (Rus. \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a<\/em>) ad\u0131 da verilmektedir. Kan\u0131tlanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Kitap da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere popular hatta bilimsel s\u00f6ylemde yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son derece da\u011fl\u0131k bir co\u011frafya olan modern Tacikistan\u2019\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda 130 km uzunlu\u011fundaki Yagnob Nehri ve ayn\u0131 adla an\u0131lan vadi, Pencakent\u2019ten hemen sonra \u00d6zbekistan\u2019a do\u011fru uzanan Zeref\u015fan Nehri Havzas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Pencakent ve \u00fclkenin ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck kenti \u2018Hucend\u2019 (Sovyet d\u00f6neminde Leninabad<\/em>) yolu \u00fczerinde bulunan Yagnob, idari bak\u0131mdan Sugd b\u00f6lgesinin \u2018Ayni\u2019 adl\u0131 iline ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yagnobiler 1970 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re toplam 2,500; 2000 y\u0131l\u0131 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re 5,000 ki\u015fi ile Tacikistan n\u00fcfusunun \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir oran\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur (Tul\u2019skiy 2005; Xromov 1972). Yagnobilerin di\u011fer halklar gibi sosyalist d\u00f6nemde zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e t\u00e2bi tutulmalar\u0131 nedeniyle demografik verilerin tam olarak saptanmas\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler vard\u0131r. Nitekim farkl\u0131 kaynaklarda konu\u015fur say\u0131s\u0131 konusunda birka\u00e7 bin ile yirmi bin aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen rakamlar verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yagnobi dili, Oset\u00e7e ile birlikte \u0130rani dillerin \u2018Kuzeydo\u011fu \u0130ran dilleri\u2019 alt grubunda; Ru\u015feni, Bartengi, Oro\u015for, \u015eugni, Yazgulami, \u0130\u015fka\u015fimi, Vahiden olu\u015fan yedi Pamiri dili ve konu\u015fur say\u0131s\u0131 birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fc ge\u00e7meyen di\u011fer Pamir de\u011fi\u015fkeleri ise \u2018G\u00fcneydo\u011fu \u0130ran dilleri\u2019 grubunda yer almaktad\u0131r (Greneoble 2003: 9; Dalby 2004: 279).<\/p>\n

\"\"Yagnobilerin dillerini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin korumalar\u0131nda da\u011fl\u0131k Tacikistan co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n ve ula\u015f\u0131m altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n son derece yetersiz olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc vard\u0131r. Ortalama y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 3,000 m olan \u00fclkede 7,000 m\u2019ye varan y\u00fckseklikler geli\u015fmi\u015f bir karayolu a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemi\u015f, bu yetersizlikler etnik-dilbilimsel az\u0131nl\u0131k Yagnobilerin (ve Pamirilerin) dillerini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini korumalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Tacikistan\u2019\u0131n iki \u0130rani dilbilimsel az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan biri olan Pamirilerin, \u015eia-\u0130smaili inanc\u0131na mensup olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Yagnobiler, Tacikler gibi S\u00fcnni-Hanefi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019d\u0131r. Yagnobilerin eski Zerd\u00fc\u015ft inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 terk ederek \u0130slam dinini kabul etmelerinin ise nispeten ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nemlerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yagnobilerden ve \u2018az konu\u015furlu\u2019 Yagnobi dilinden ilk s\u00f6z edenler Avrupal\u0131 ve Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lard\u0131r. Alman bilim adam\u0131 G. Kapus 1883\u2019te Avrupa\u2019da bir co\u011frafya dergisinde yay\u0131mlanan \u2018Yagnob Vadisi ve N\u00fcfusu\u2019 adl\u0131 makale ile b\u00f6lgeye dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015f, Yagnob Vadisi\u2019nin \u2018biricik\u2019 do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 ve Yagnobi dilinin farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tekli\u011fini Bat\u0131 kamuoyunun g\u00fcndemine getirmi\u015ftir (Jamolzoda 2006). Yagnobi dili, on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Gal\u00e7a ad\u0131yla bilimsel yaz\u0131na girmi\u015f,<\/a>[5] ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar az konu\u015furlu \u2018Gal\u00e7a\u2019 dilinin, yani \u2018Yagnobi\u2019nin Fars\u00e7a<\/a>[6] tipolojisinde bir \u0130rani dil olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etmi\u015flerdir. Yagnobi dili ile ilgili malzemeler ilk kez Rus bilim adam\u0131 A. L. Kuhn taraf\u0131ndan kayda al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Bielmier 2006).<\/p>\n

\"\"Esas olarak s\u00f6zl\u00fc dil olan Yagnobi ile ilgili verilerin kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 anac\u0131yla Kiril tabanl\u0131 ge\u00e7ici alfabelerden yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, din adamlar\u0131 din\u00ee maksatlarla zaman zaman Arap harfleriyle Yagnobi dilinde not tutmu\u015flard\u0131r. Yagnobinin korunmas\u0131, \u00f6\u011fretimde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda resm\u00ee s\u00f6ylemlere ve baz\u0131 m\u00fcnferit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara, uygulamalara kar\u015f\u0131n bu dilin yaz\u0131 dili gelene\u011fi yoktur. Yagnobi konu\u015furlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 Yagnobi ve Tacik\u00e7e olmak \u00fczere iki dillidir. Rusya\u2019da g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve Rus\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6ren az say\u0131da e\u011fitimli n\u00fcfus ise \u00fc\u00e7 dillidir.<\/p>\n

1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da \u2018Antik Mektuplar\u2019\u0131n, Mug Da\u011f\u0131\u2019nda So\u011fdca belgelerin ve bir dizi So\u011fdca yaz\u0131t\u0131n ve Hindistan Karakurum ge\u00e7itlerindeki kayal\u0131klarda grafitilerin bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, tarih\u00ee So\u011fdcan\u0131n da \u0130slami d\u00f6nemde Eski Pers\u00e7e tipolojiden tamamen, Orta \u0130ranca Pehleviden de olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ve neredeyse \u2018birdenbire\u2019 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Fars\u00e7adan farkl\u0131, daha eskicil \u00f6zelliklere sahip bir Do\u011fu \u0130ran dili oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Her iki dile \u00f6zg\u00fc eskicil kimi ortak dilbilimsel \u00f6gelerin bulunmas\u0131 nedeniyle \u0130ranistik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda Yagnobi ile So\u011fdca aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131 bulundu\u011fu konusu da g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir. Xromov, \u2018Yagnobi Dili (Rus. Yagnobskiy yaz\u0131k<\/em>) adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u2018Yagnobi-So\u011fdca Diyalektik \u0130li\u015fkisi\u2019 (Rus. Yagnobsko-sogdiyskiye dialektn\u0131ye otno\u015feniya) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde sorunu ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/a>[7] Ancak pop\u00fcler s\u00f6ylem, \u2018Modern So\u011fdca\u2019 olarak nitelenen Yagnobinin, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda tarih\u00ee So\u011fdcan\u0131n do\u011frudan de\u011fil, belki b\u00f6lgedeki de\u011fi\u015fkelerinden birinin miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir (Bielmeier 2006).<\/p>\n

Tacik\u00e7e ve k\u0131smen \u00d6zbek\u00e7e konu\u015furlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131na, konu\u015furlar\u0131 Sovyet d\u00f6neminde pamuk plantasyonlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczere defalarca ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerde isk\u00e2na t\u00e2bi tutulmas\u0131na, bu nedenle, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm Yagnobinin Tacik \u00e7o\u011funluk i\u00e7inde asimile olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Yagnobilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Gorba\u00e7ov ve sonras\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6receli demokratik ortam\u0131nda Yagnob Vadisi\u2019nin kuzeyindeki topraklar\u0131na yeniden d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f, kimli\u011fini ve dilini korumay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"Yagnobiler etnik ve dilbilimsel bak\u0131mdan Tacikistan\u2019\u0131n tit\u00fcler halk\u0131 Taciklerden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130rani diller ailesi i\u00e7inde, \u2018Do\u011fru \u0130ran dilleri\u2019 grubunda yer alan Yagnobi (ve yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u00fcz bin ki\u015finin konu\u015ftu\u011fu Pamir dilleri) ile Tacik\u00e7e aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Yagnobi dili (ve Pamir dilleri), \u2018r\/l\u2019 dili \u00c7uva\u015f\u00e7an\u0131n kimi \u0130lk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e eskicil dil \u00f6zelliklerini korumas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u2018\u015f\/z\u2019 tipindeki di\u011fer T\u00fcrk dillerinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na benzer bi\u00e7imde, Fars\u00e7adan dilbilimsel anlamda olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Yagnobi dili ge\u00e7mi\u015f zamanda eylemin \u00f6n\u00fcne gelen \u2018augment\u2019i <\/em>koruyan yeg\u00e2ne \u0130rani dildir. Yagnobiyi Tacik\u00e7eden ay\u0131ran bir di\u011fer \u00f6zellik ise, adlarda \u00e7oklu\u011fun Fars\u00e7a tipindeki dillerde oldu\u011fu gibi -ha <\/em>veya -an <\/em>ile de\u011fil, So\u011fdcaya paralel bi\u00e7imde -t <\/em>ile i\u015faretlenmesidir. Ancak, Yagnobi erillik-di\u015filli\u011fin i\u015faretlenmemesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan So\u011fdca ile de\u011fil Farsi\/Taciki\/Deri ile benzer \u00f6zelli\u011fi payla\u015f\u0131r, yani erillik-di\u015fillik ayr\u0131m\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n

Yagnobinin ses sistemi sesbirimsel d\u00fczeyde be\u015fi k\u0131sa, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc uzun sekiz \u00fcnl\u00fc ve yirmi yedi \u00fcns\u00fczden olu\u015fur. Yagnobinin \u00fcnl\u00fc d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnde her ne kadar \u2018sesbirimsel stat\u00fcs\u00fc belirsiz\u2019 de olsa, \/u\/dan geli\u015fen bir \/\u00fc\/ \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n

Yagnobi dilinin co\u011frafi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 olmak \u00fczere iki de\u011fi\u015fkesinin bulundu\u011fu saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu iki ana de\u011fi\u015fke, yani Bat\u0131 Yagnobi ve Do\u011fu Yagnobi de\u011fi\u015fkeleri aras\u0131nda t<\/em>\/\/<\/em>s<\/em> denkli\u011fi (met\/\/mes<\/em> \u2018g\u00fcn\u2019); -ay\/\/-e<\/em> denkli\u011fi (way\u015f \/\/ we\u015f <\/em>\u2018ot\u2019) vb. k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fonetik farklar vard\u0131r (bk. Xromov 1972; Bielmeier 2006; Sims-Williams 1996).<\/p>\n

Yagnobi dili s\u00f6z dizimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Tacik\u00e7e gibi bir \u00f6zne-t\u00fcmle\u00e7-y\u00fcklem dilidir.<\/p>\n

Yagnobinin s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Tacik\u00e7eden kopyalanan s\u00f6zc\u00fckler olu\u015fturur; ancak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcnl\u00fc Tacik\u00e7ede bulunmayan eskicil s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu dilin ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Fars\u00e7a xor\u015fi:d <\/em>\u2018g\u00fcne\u015f\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6k\u00fc xur<\/em>, Yagnobide ayn\u0131 anlamla ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Yagnobi dili Tacik\u00e7eden yaln\u0131zca s\u00f6zl\u00fcksel de\u011fil, dilbilgisel \u00f6geler de kopyalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yagnobi-Tacik\u00e7e ili\u015fkisi, bask\u0131n dil ile \u00e7ekinik dil aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Tacik\u00e7e bask\u0131n ve prestijli dil, Yagnobi ise Tacik\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda prestijsiz bir \u2018ev dili\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Yagnobinin temel s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dahi Tacik\u00e7eden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin temel eylemlerde Yag. vonak <\/em>\u2018olmak\u2019 (kr\u015f. Tac. \u015fudan<\/em>, Far. \u015foden<\/em>), Yag. coyak <\/em>(kr\u015f. Tac. xondan<\/em>, Far. xw<\/sup>\u0101nden<\/em>); temel adlarda ve s\u0131fatlarda <\/strong>Yag. vaxm <\/em>\u2018kan\u2019 (kr\u015f. Tac., Far. xun<\/em>), \u011furda<\/em> \u2018g\u00f6z\u2019 (kr\u015f. Tac. \u00e7a\u015fm <\/em>, Far. \u00e7e\u015fm), Yag. \u011fayk<\/em> \u2018k\u0131z\u2019 (kr\u015f. Tac. duxtar<\/em>, Far. doxter<\/em>); Yag. katta <\/em>\u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019 (kr\u015f. \u00d6zb. katta <\/em>ay.; ancak Tac. kalon<\/em>, Far. bozorg<\/em>). Yag. kat <\/em>\u2018ev\u2019 (kr\u015f. Tac. xona <\/em>ay., Far. xane<\/em>), Yag. kut <\/em>\u2018k\u00f6pek\u2019 (kr\u015f. Tac. sag<\/em>, Far. seg<\/em>), Yag. etk <\/em>\u2018k\u00f6pr\u00fc\u2019 (kr\u015f. Tac. kupr\u016bk <\/em>< T\u00fc., Far. pol<\/em>) farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. <\/em><\/p>\n

Benzer \u015fekilde, sayma say\u0131lar\u0131 da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, say\u0131 dizgesinde kimi farklar bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Eski \u0130ranca say\u0131 dizgesi onlu tabana dayal\u0131d\u0131r. Yagnobi dilinin say\u0131 dizgesinde de onlu sistem esas olmakla birlikte, yirmili dizgenin (\u0130ng. vigesimal) izleri de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir: 10 + 20 30= b<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>st-at das<\/em> (kr\u015f. 1. 20 + 10 veya 20 + 10), 2 x 20= 40 d<\/em>u<\/em> bist<\/em>; 2,5 x 20= 50 d<\/em>u<\/em> n<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>ma bist<\/em>; 3 x 20= t<\/em>i<\/em>r<\/em>\u00e1<\/em>y bist<\/em>, 4 x 10 + 10= t<\/em>i<\/em>r<\/em>\u00e1<\/em>y n<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>ma bist<\/em>; t<\/em>i<\/em>f<\/em>\u00f3<\/em>r bist <\/em>= 80, 4,5 x 20= 90 t<\/em>i<\/em>f<\/em>\u00f3<\/em>r n<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>ma bist <\/em>vd. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, di\u011fer Do\u011fu \u0130ran dillerinde de kom\u015fu Dardik dillerindeki gibi yirmili taban\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkati \u00e7ekicidir.<\/a>[8]\n

Sayma say\u0131lar\u0131ndan 1 (i<\/em>, Tac. yak<\/em>), 3 (tr<\/em>\u00e1<\/em>y<\/em>, Tac. se<\/em>), 4 (t<\/em>i<\/em>f<\/em>\u00f3<\/em>r<\/em>, Tac. \u00e7or<\/em>), 6 (ux\u015f<\/em>, Tac. \u015fa\u015f\/\u015fi\u015f<\/em>), 10 (das<\/em>, Tac. dah<\/em>) Taciki\/Farsi\/Deriden fonetik bak\u0131mdan olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/a>[9] 10\u2019dan sonraki say\u0131lar, Tacik\u00e7e ve Fars\u00e7an\u0131n aksine morfofonetik de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle ve \u2018k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck say\u0131 + b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131\u2019 de\u011fil, T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede oldu\u011fu gibi say\u0131 grubu, yani \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131 + k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck say\u0131\u2019 \u015feklinde olu\u015fturulmaktad\u0131r. <\/em><\/p>\n

Kom\u015fu \u00d6zbek\u00e7eden, K\u0131rg\u0131zcadan ve b\u00f6lgenin Orta Asyal\u0131 olmayan dili Rus\u00e7adan kopyalar azd\u0131r. Yagnobi dilinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden yap\u0131lan kopyalar i\u00e7inde akrabal\u0131k terimleri dikkat \u00e7eker. Beg\/bek <\/em>\u2018 Yagnobilerin geleneksel ya\u015fam\u0131nda mahalli lider\u2019 (kr\u015f. Tac. bek<\/em>), Yag. bur\u00e7 <\/em>(T\u00fc. bur\u00e7<\/em>; ancak Tac. kunc<\/em>, Far. konc<\/em>), osakol <\/em>\u2018aksakal, toplulu\u011fun ba\u015f\u0131\u2019 (kr\u015f Tac. raisi camoat<\/em>), orta <\/em>\u2018yer, zemin, d\u00f6\u015feme (?)\u2019 gibi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e do\u011frudan kopyalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Tacik\u00e7enin arac\u0131 dil i\u015flevinde oldu\u011fu bulak <\/em>\u2018par\u00e7a, b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u2019, kurut <\/em>\u2018yo\u011furt, vb. di\u011fer tipte kopyalar da bulunmaktad\u0131r. <\/em><\/p>\n

Yagnobi dili ile Tacik\u00e7e aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131labilirlik a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr:<\/a>[10]\n

Yagnobi <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ax cutak a\u00e7iker, \u00e7av bax\u015fa sitamako agard apirej.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tacik\u00e7e <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 On pisarak tarsid, baroi hamin ba tarafi kafo ga\u015ft gurext.<\/em><\/p>\n

(O k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuk korktu, bu sebeple arka tarafa do\u011fru ka\u00e7t\u0131.)<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki c\u00fcmlede tek bir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bile ortak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Yagnobi ile Tacik\u00e7e aras\u0131nda s\u00f6z dizimsel benzerli\u011fin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, ortak gramatikal bir yap\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkati \u00e7ekiyor. Bir \u2018ev dili\u2019 olan Yagnobi ile Tacik\u00e7e aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131labilirli\u011fin s\u0131f\u0131ra yak\u0131n ve hatta s\u0131f\u0131r oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu nedenle Yagnobi gizli dil olarak da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rastlant\u0131sal ve k\u0131smi anla\u015f\u0131labilirlik durumlar\u0131 Tacik\u00e7eden kopyalanan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yagnobi dili UNESCO\u2019nun tehlikedeki diller k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kitab\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Kitap\u2019taki verilere g\u00f6re Yagnobi konu\u015furlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 iki bindir. Yagnobi, UNESCO\u2019nun etkile\u015fimli atlas\u0131nda Tacikistan\u2019daki on bir tehlikedeki dilden biridir. Bu atlasta Yagnobi dili ile ilgili veriler \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/a>[11]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Dilin ad\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Yaghnobi (\u0130ng), yaghnobi (Fr), yagnob\u00ed (\u0130s), \u044f\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 (Ru)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Di\u011fer adlar<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u044f\u0493\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0438<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ya\u015famsall\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Kesinlikle tehlikede<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Konu\u015fur say\u0131s\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20,000<\/p>\n

2001 resm\u00ee n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re tahmini n\u00fcfus<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Yerle\u015fim(ler)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Zafarobod, Hisor ve Varzob<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u00dclke<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Tacikistan<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Koordinat<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

enlem: 38.5632; boylam: 68.4475<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

ISO 639-3 kod(lar)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

yai<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Ger\u00e7ek durumu belirlemek arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bir SIL ekibi taraf\u0131ndan 2003-2004 y\u0131llar aras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgede yap\u0131lan alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Yagnobi dilinin etnolinguistik ya\u015famsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n san\u0131landan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (bk. Paul vd. : 2010).<\/a>[12]\n

\"\"Sovyet d\u00f6neminde, Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve yeniden yap\u0131lanma s\u00fcrecinde 1989\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan dil yasas\u0131na g\u00f6re Tacikistan SSC E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bu dillerin yo\u011fun olarak konu\u015fuldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde ilkokullarda ana dili \u00f6\u011fretimi i\u00e7in iki saat tahsis edece\u011fi bildirilmi\u015fti. Bug\u00fcn de ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirmeyen bu dil yasas\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmlere hatta haz\u0131rlanan ilk\u00f6\u011fretim ders kitaplar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Yagnobi dilinde \u00f6\u011fretim i\u00e7in herhangi bir d\u00fczenli ve s\u00fcrekli resm\u00ee program yoktur.<\/p>\n

Tacikistan y\u00f6netimi, kuzeybat\u0131da konu\u015fulan Yagnobi ile g\u00fcneydo\u011fuda konu\u015fulan toplam yedi Pamiri dilinin birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz bini ge\u00e7meyen n\u00fcfuslar\u0131yla Tacik\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda rekabet \u015fans\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, bu dillerin hi\u00e7birinin herhangi bir \u015fekilde Tacik\u00e7e i\u00e7in bir risk ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilincindedir. So\u011fdca, Avestan vd. antik d\u00f6nem dillerinin, \u00f6zellikle Do\u011fu \u0130rancas\u0131n\u0131n yeg\u00e2ne temsilcileri olan Yagnobinin ve di\u011fer tehlikedeki dillerin korunmas\u0131 konusunda modern d\u00fcnyadaki y\u00f6nelimler ve duyarl\u0131klar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde reel olarak hareket ge\u00e7ilmesi hususunda ciddi geli\u015fmeler g\u00f6r\u00fclmese de, resm\u00ee \u00e7evrelerde kimi yasal d\u00fczenlemelerden, ders kitab\u0131 ve e\u011fitim yard\u0131mc\u0131 malzemesi olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na de\u011fin bir dizi kararlardan s\u00f6z edilmektedir. Entelekt\u00fcel \u00e7evrelerde dillerin ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in gazete, dergi yay\u0131m\u0131, radyo, televizyon yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 vb. \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, aksi takdirde, geli\u015fen ileti\u015fim teknolojisiyle Yagnobinin Tacik\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok zor olaca\u011f\u0131 dile getirilmektedir.<\/a>[13]\n

G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etno-linguistik bilincin ve duyarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n dillerin tehlike e\u015fi\u011finden kurtulmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in tek ba\u015f\u0131na ne dereceye kadar yeterli olabilece\u011fini zaman g\u00f6sterecektir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n


<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bielmeier, Roland (2006). Yagnobi. \u0130ranica.<\/em><\/p>\n

(http:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles)<\/p>\n

Dalby, Andrew (2004). Dictionary of Languages<\/em>. Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n

Fortson, Benjamin W. (2011) Indo-European Language and Culture:\u00a0<\/em>An Introduction<\/em>. Blackwell Publishing.<\/p>\n

Grenoble, A. Lenore (2006). Journey to Sogdiana\u2019s Heirs<\/em>. \u201cBusiness and politics\u201d July-August.<\/p>\n

Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (1992). Indo-European Numerals. Walter de Gruyter.<\/p>\n

Greneoble, Lenore A. (2003). Language Policy In The Soviet Union<\/em>. New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Kluwer Academic Publishers.<\/p>\n

Jamolzoda, Anvar (2006). Journey to Sogdiana\u2019s heirs<\/em>. \u201cBusiness and politics\u201d, July-August.<\/p>\n

(http:\/\/www.yagnob.org\/JtSH-Yagnob-AJ-Eng.pdf)<\/p>\n

Paul, Daniel, Abbess, Elisabeth, M\u00fcller, Katja , Calvin Tiessen and Gabriela Tiessen (2010).The Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Yaghnobi. SIL International .<\/em> 2010 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2010-017, May 2010<\/p>\n

( http:\/\/www.sil.org\/silesr\/2010\/silesr2010-017.pdf)<\/p>\n

Xromov, A. L.\u00a0(1972). Yagnobskiy yaz\u0131k. <\/em>Akademiyanauk SSSR \u0130nstitut Vostokovedeniya. Moskva: \u0130zdatel\u2019stvo \u201cNauka\u201d.<\/p>\n

Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1996). Eastern Iranian Languages. Iranica.<\/em><\/p>\n

(http:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/eastern-iranian-languages)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Tul\u2019skiy, Mixail (2005). \u0130togi perepis naseleniya Tacikistana 2000 goda: natsional\u2019n\u0131y, vozrastnoy, polovoy, semeyn\u0131y i obrazovatel\u2019n\u0131y sostav\u0131. Spetsial\u2019no dlya Demoskola.<\/em> Demoskop Weekly. No <\/em>191-192, 21 Fevralya-6 Marta 2005.<\/p>\n

(http:\/\/www.demoscope.ru\/weekly\/2005\/0191\/analit05.php)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Vaissi\u00e8re (2005). Sogdian Traders. A History <\/em>(Trans. James Ward)<\/strong>.<\/strong> Leiden \u2022 Boston: Brill.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Internet Kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.eki.ee\/books\/redbook\/yaghnabis.shtml<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.endangeredlanguages.com\/lang\/3217\/samples\/6863<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.ozodi.org\/content\/article\/2315567.html<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.yagnob.org<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.yagnob.org\/JtSH-Yagnob-AJ-Eng.pdf<\/p>\n

http:\/\/yaghnobi.files.wordpress.com\/2009\/09\/yaghnobi-regions.jpg (Harita Siyah_Beyaz)<\/p>\n

\n

Is Yaghnobi an Endangered Language?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n