{"id":1300,"date":"2013-02-12T10:02:39","date_gmt":"2013-02-12T08:02:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/?p=1300"},"modified":"2014-02-10T16:59:05","modified_gmt":"2014-02-10T14:59:05","slug":"agiz-olumu-tanimi-nedenler-gerceklesme-sureci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/?p=1300","title":{"rendered":"A\u011eIZ \u00d6L\u00dcM\u00dc – Tan\u0131m\u0131, Nedenleri, Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme S\u00fcreci"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cem Bircan OLCAY<\/strong><\/p>\n

HACETTEPE \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130 Y\u00fcksek Lisans\u00d6\u011frencisi<\/p>\n

DIALECT DEATH (VARIETY LOSS)<\/p>\n

Its Definition, Causes and Process to Occur<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Variation is a reality of language. Every language has, more or less, its dialects. These dialects can exist or become extinct. The extinction of a dialect is called \u2018dialect death\u2019. This paper aims to explain dialect death by giving its definition, causes and occurrence process with examples.<\/p>\n

Keywords: <\/strong>Dialect death, variety loss, language extinction, dialects, varieties, languages.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ZET<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitlenme (varyasyon), bir dil ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Her dilin az ya da \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu a\u011f\u0131zlar konu\u015fuluyor ya da \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olabilir. Bir a\u011fz\u0131n yok olmas\u0131na \u2018a\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019 ad\u0131 verilir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131 a\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131mlamak, nedenlerini ve ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini \u00f6rneklerle a\u00e7\u0131klamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong> A\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, a\u011f\u0131z yitimi, dil \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, a\u011f\u0131zlar, diller<\/p>\n

\n

A\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne de\u011finmeden \u00f6nce \u2018\u2019a\u011f\u0131z\u2019\u2019 kavram\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak yerinde olacakt\u0131r. \u2018\u2019A\u011f\u0131z\u2019\u2019 i\u00e7in k\u0131saca, \u2018\u2019Bir dilin, konu\u015fuldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle farkl\u0131la\u015farak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan kollar\u0131na a\u011f\u0131z denir.\u2019\u2019 tan\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131 yapabiliriz. A\u011fz\u0131 daha detayl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde tan\u0131mlamak gerekirse de \u015fu tarifi verebiliriz:<\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131z, ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kenden geldi\u011fi \u00fcst sistem \u00e7evresinde, i\u015f yerlerinde; okur yazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 az, bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeden uzun s\u00fcre ayr\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f insanlarca s\u00f6zl\u00fc ileti\u015fimde dilin ba\u015fka t\u00fcrleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelme oran\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lan, resmi ortamlarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lan, yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir gelenek olu\u015fturamam\u0131\u015f, ileti\u015fim alan\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00fcst sistemden dilin her alan\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 anla\u015fman\u0131n korunaca\u011f\u0131 oranda ayr\u0131labilen, prestiji standart dile g\u00f6re daha az yerel konu\u015fma bi\u00e7imleridir (Demir, 2002: 14).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

A\u011f\u0131zlar bir nevi dil i\u00e7i \u00e7e\u015fitlenmelerdir. Bunlar, do\u011fal olarak her dilde az veya \u00e7ok say\u0131da mevcuttur. Dillerle ilgili her t\u00fcrl\u00fc geli\u015fme a\u011f\u0131zlar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. A\u011f\u0131zlar da diller gibi yok olabilir. Ayn\u0131 tehlikeyi a\u011f\u0131zlar da ya\u015fayabilir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>A\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konu\u015furu kalmayan (son konu\u015furu \u00f6len ya da az kalm\u0131\u015f konu\u015furlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcndelik ileti\u015fim amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmayan) veya ku\u015faklararas\u0131 aktar\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde ileti\u015fim i\u00e7in aktif oldu\u011fu ve b\u00f6lgesel prestijini koruyarak standart a\u011f\u0131zla m\u00fccadele edebildi\u011fi d\u00f6nemden pasif oldu\u011fu d\u00f6neme ge\u00e7mesiyle birlikte konu\u015furlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bir sonraki ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lmay\u0131p kullan\u0131m\u0131 sonras\u0131 i\u00e7in tercih edilmeyen (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeyen) bir a\u011fz\u0131n yitimine \u2018\u2019a\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019\u2019 ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn dil \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden fark\u0131 nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131z ve dil \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki en belirgin fark \u015fudur: \u00d6len bir a\u011fz\u0131n son konu\u015furu – standart a\u011f\u0131z dahil – di\u011fer a\u011f\u0131z konu\u015furlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan az \u00e7ok anla\u015f\u0131labilir; \u00f6len bir dilin son konu\u015furu ise, di\u011fer dil konu\u015furlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan genellikle anla\u015f\u0131lamaz (Taivo, 2008). Bu bak\u0131mdan yok olan, yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan dillerin dok\u00fcmantasyonu ayn\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ya\u015fayan a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n dok\u00fcmantasyonuna g\u00f6re daha \u00f6nemli ve \u00f6ncelikli olabilir.<\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ne sebeplerle meydana gelir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dillerle benzer s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7en a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm sebepleri de onlar\u0131nkiyle az \u00e7ok ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131zlar, ula\u015f\u0131m ve ileti\u015fim imkanlar\u0131yla bili\u015fim teknolojisindeki geli\u015fmeler, okulla\u015fma, g\u00f6\u00e7ler, prestijli varyant\u0131n etkisi, ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131 gibi nedenlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tarihin hi\u00e7bir d\u00f6neminde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 ve k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fmekte, birincil \u00f6zelliklerini yitirmektedir (Demir, 2009: 186).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Verilen bu a\u00e7\u0131klama, bir a\u011fz\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcme gidi\u015f s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatan ve devam\u0131n\u0131 getiren – yukar\u0131da say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olanlar gibi – nedenlerin bulundu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. K\u0131sacas\u0131 do\u011frudan olmasa da dolayl\u0131 ve genele yava\u015f\u00e7a etki eden a\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm nedenleri bunlard\u0131r. Do\u011frudan a\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm nedenleri ise – \u2018\u2019a\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc nedir?\u2019\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131klama olarak yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi – a\u011f\u0131z konu\u015furunun kalmamas\u0131 ve gelecek ku\u015faklara a\u011f\u0131z aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdiye kadar son konu\u015furunun \u00f6lmesi nedniyle yitip gitmi\u015f bir\u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131z tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlara \u00f6rnek olarak \u0130ngilizcenin Cornish a\u011fz\u0131 (Jeffreys, 1945: 37), Almancan\u0131n Walser a\u011fz\u0131 (Negro, 2004) ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan \u0130sko\u00e7\u00e7an\u0131n Cromarty a\u011fz\u0131 (Borland, 2012) verilebilir.<\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ne \u015fekilde ve hangi a\u015famalarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ift a\u011f\u0131z konu\u015furu kimselere \u2018\u2019iki a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 (\u00e7ift a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131)\u2019\u2019 (\u0130ng. bidialectal) ismi verilir. \u00d6len ve \u00f6lmekte olan \u00e7o\u011fu a\u011fz\u0131n konu\u015furlar\u0131n\u0131n bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ilk a\u015famaya (\u00e7ift a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131la\u015fma a\u015famas\u0131na) da ismini verir.<\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc genellikle \u015fu \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir:<\/p>\n

1) \u00c7ift a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131la\u015fma a\u015famas\u0131:<\/strong> Standart olmayan bir a\u011fz\u0131n konu\u015fuldu\u011fu \u00e7evrede b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir ki\u015fi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitimle, g\u00f6\u00e7le vs. ile standart a\u011fz\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenir veya yeni ve prestiji y\u00fcksek bir a\u011f\u0131z edinir. \u00c7ift a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

2) \u00c7ift a\u011fz\u0131n kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f a\u015famas\u0131:<\/strong> \u00d6nceden konu\u015fuyor oldu\u011fu a\u011f\u0131zla konu\u015fmaya, bu a\u011fz\u0131 konu\u015fan ki\u015filerle ileti\u015fim kurmaya devam ederken bir taraftan da sosyal stat\u00fc, ekonomik ko\u015fullar, resmi zorunluluklar, ki\u015fisel kayg\u0131lar vb. nedenlerle ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu durumlarda yeni \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi a\u011fz\u0131 kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a03) Asimilasyon a\u015famas\u0131:<\/strong> Zamanla \u00f6nceden konu\u015ftu\u011fu a\u011f\u0131z ikincil konuma gelir. Prestiji y\u00fcksek olan ise \u00f6ncelikli kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131z olur.<\/p>\n

4) Tek a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131la\u015fma a\u015famas\u0131:<\/strong> A\u011f\u0131z konu\u015furu, \u00f6nceden \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi ve ikincil konuma itti\u011fi a\u011fz\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7 duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kullanmamaya ba\u015flar ve s\u00fcrekli bi\u00e7imde sonradan edindi\u011fi a\u011fz\u0131 kullanarak tek a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 bir bireye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu a\u015famada a\u011f\u0131z \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f say\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

5) \u00d6l\u00fcm a\u015famas\u0131:<\/strong> Ki\u015fi ilk \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi a\u011fz\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011funa aktarmaz ve b\u00f6ylece ondan sonraki ku\u015faklar bu a\u011fz\u0131 konu\u015fmaz, devam ettirmez. Bu a\u015famada son a\u011f\u0131z konu\u015furu ki\u015fi \u00f6l\u00fcrse a\u011f\u0131z da \u00f6l\u00fcr. Art\u0131k, a\u011fz\u0131 devam ettirecek kimse kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu a\u015famalara kan\u0131t olu\u015fturabilecek bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan bahsedecek olursak \u015funlar\u0131 aktarabiliriz:<\/p>\n

Kuzey \u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Shetland\u2019da geleneksel a\u011f\u0131z bi\u00e7imlerinden birinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bu ama\u00e7la \u00e7o\u011funlukla gen\u00e7 ku\u015faklar\u0131n \u00e7ift a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 bireylere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmediklerini veya ilk \u00f6\u011frenilen a\u011fz\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yitirip yitirmediklerini do\u011frulaman\u0131n \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015ftur. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re gen\u00e7 konu\u015furlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ift a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 bireylere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geri kalanlar\u0131nda ise a\u011f\u0131z kullan\u0131m\u0131na rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bulgular gelecek ku\u015faklarda a\u011f\u0131z n\u00f6betle\u015fmesine ve a\u011f\u0131z kullan\u0131m\u0131nda yerelden standarda bir kay\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca iki de\u011fi\u015fkenin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n da bir s\u00fcreklilik i\u00e7inde i\u015fledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Smith – Durham, 2012: 57).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n


<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Borland, Jane (2012, 3 Ekim). \u2018\u2019Final Word from Cromarty: Scottish Black Isle Dialect Silenced Forever as Last Native Speaker Dies Aged 92\u2019\u2019. Daily Mail Online. <\/em>(Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bk. http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2012\/10\/05\/world\/europe\/scotland-dead-dialect\/index.html)<\/p>\n

Demir, Nurettin (2002). \u2018\u2019A\u011f\u0131z Terimi \u00dczerine\u2019\u2019. T\u00fcrkbilig, <\/em>S. 4: s. 105-116.<\/p>\n

Demir, Nurettin (2009). \u2018\u2019A\u011f\u0131z Dok\u00fcmantasyonu Ni\u00e7in Gereklidir?\u2019\u2019. T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi A\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015ftay\u0131 Bildirileri (25-30 Mart 2008). <\/em>Ankara: TDK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 183-192.<\/p>\n

Jeffreys, Mervyn David Waldegrave (1945). \u2018\u2019The Death of a Dialect\u2019\u2019. African Studies, <\/em>C. IV, S. 1: s. 37-40.<\/p>\n

Negro, Silvia Dal (2004). The Decay of a Language: The Case of a German Dialect in the Italian Alps. <\/em>Bern: Peter Lang AG.<\/p>\n

Smith, Jennifer – Durham, Mercedes (2012, G\u00fcz). \u2018\u2019Bidialectalism or Dialect Death? Explaining Generational Change in the Shetland Islands, Scotland\u2019\u2019. American Speech. <\/em>C. LXXXVII, S. 1: s. 57-88.<\/p>\n

Taivo, John (2008). What are the similarities between language death and dialect death?, <\/em>Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 6 Ocak 2013, http:\/\/answers.yahoo.com\/question\/index?qid=20 07112807453 3AAnbNvR.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cem Bircan OLCAY HACETTEPE \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130 Y\u00fcksek Lisans\u00d6\u011frencisi DIALECT DEATH (VARIETY LOSS) Its Definition, Causes and Process to Occur ABSTRACT Variation is a reality of language. Every language has, more or less, its dialects. These dialects can exist or become extinct. The extinction of a dialect is called \u2018dialect death\u2019. This paper aims to explain dialect death by giving its definition, causes and occurrence process with examples. Keywords: Dialect death, variety loss, language extinction, dialects, varieties, languages. \u00d6ZET \u00c7e\u015fitlenme (varyasyon), bir dil ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Her dilin az ya da \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu a\u011f\u0131zlar konu\u015fuluyor ya da \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olabilir. Bir a\u011fz\u0131n yok Okumaya devam et<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1300","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sonsesler","cat-26-id"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1300","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1300"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1300\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1640,"href":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1300\/revisions\/1640"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1300"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1300"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tehlikedekidiller.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1300"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}